| 27. | Karrys A, Rady I, Chamcheu RCN, Sabir MS, Mallick S, ChamcheuJC**, Jurutka PW, Haussler MR, and Whitfield GK. Bioactive Dietary VDR Ligands Regulate Genes Encoding Biomarkers Implicated in Skin Repair that Are Associated with Risk for Psoriasis (Submitted) |
| 26. | Chamcheu JC, Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Esnault S, Babatunde AS, Adame S, Massey RJ, Bharali D, Mousa SA, Wood GS, Longley BJ Mukhtar H. Chitosan-based nanoformulated green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) modulates keratinocyte responses in vitro and alleviates skin inflammation in a mouse model of psoriasis (Submitted) |
| 25. | Chamcheu JC, Esnault S, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Noll AL, Nihal M, Rady I, and Mukhtar H. Fisetin, a dietary phytochemical, exerts antiproliferative, prodifferentiative, and anti-Inflammatory effects on human primary keratinocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Submitted) |
| 24. | Sanna V, Singh CK, Jashari R, Adhami VM, Chamcheu JC, Rady I, Sechi M, Mukhtar H, and Siddiqui IA. Targeted nanoparticles encapsulating (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate for prostate cancer prevention and therapy. Sci Rep. 2017 Feb 1;7:41573. PMID: 28145499. Time Cited: 0; IF= 5.228 |
| 23. | Chamcheu JC*, Adhami VM, Esnault S, Sechi M, Siddiqui IA, Satyshur KA, Syed DN, Dodwad SM, Chaves- Rodriquez MI, Longley BJ, Wood GS, Mukhtar H. Dual inhibition of PI3K/Akt and mTOR by the dietary antioxidant, delphinidin, ameliorates psoriatic features in vitro and in an imiquimod-Induced psoriasis-like disease in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2016 Oct 4. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 27393705. Time Cited: 1; IF=7.093 |
| 22. | Chamcheu JC, Chaves-Rodriquez MI, Vaqar AM, Imtiaz AS, Wood GS, Longley BJ and Mukhtar H. Upregulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR, FABP5 and PPARβ/δ in human psoriasis and imiquimod-induced murine psoriasiform dermatitis model. Acta Derm Venereol. 2016 Aug 23;96(6):854-6. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2359 PMID: 26833029. Time Cited: 4; IF= 3.720 |
| 21. | Sanna V, Chamcheu JC, Pala N, Mukhtar H, Sechi M, Siddiqui IA. Nanoencapsulation of natural triterpenoid celastrol for prostate cancer treatment. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015 Oct 30;10:6835-46. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S93752. eCollection 2015. PMID: 26586945. Time Cited: 3; IF= 4.383 |
| 20. | Chamcheu JC**, Siddiqui IA, Mukhtar H. Chemical Chaperone therapy, a new strategy for genetic skin fragility disorders. Exp Dermatol. 2015 Oct 29. doi: 10.1111/exd.12893. [Epub ahead of print]. PMID: 26513728. Time Cited: 0; IF=4.115 |
| 19. | Chamcheu JC, Pal CC, Boylan BT, Imtiaz AS, Syed DN, Vaqar AM, Mukhtar H. Prodifferentiation, anti- proliferative and anti-inflammatory effect of delphinidin in a three-dimensional human Psoriatic skin equivalent model. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2015 Epub Jan 22.;28(4):177-88. PMID: 25620035. Times Cited: 7; IF= 1.964 |
| 18. | Pal HC, Chamcheu JC, Athar M, Wood GS, Elmets CA, Mukhtar H and Afaq F. Topical application of delphinidin reduces psoriasiform lesions in the flaky skin mouse model by inducing epidermal differentiation and inhibiting inflammation. Br J Dermatol. 2014 Dec 23, 172(2):354-64. PMID: 25533330. Times Cited: 6; IF= 4.10 |
| 17. | Syed DN, Lall RK,Chamcheu JC, Haidar O and Mukhtar H.Involvement of ER stress and activation of apoptoticpathways in fisetin induced cytotoxicity in human melanoma.Arch Biochem Biophys.2014 Jul 9, 563:108-17. PMID: 25016296. Time Cited: 14; IF=3.043 |
| 16. | Siddiqui IA, Bharali DJ,Nihal M,Adhami VM,Khan N,Chamcheu JC, Khan MI, Shabana S,Mousa SA,MukhtarH.Excellent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated in chitosannanoparticles on human melanoma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo.Nanomedicine. 2014 Jun 3, 10(8):1619- 26 PMID: 24965756. Time Cited: 27; IF=5.978 |
| 15. | Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Khan MI, Sechi M,Lall RK,Adhami VM,Mukhtar H. Fisetin inhibits human melanoma cell growth through direct binding to p70S6K and mTOR: findings from 3-D melanoma skin equivalents and computational modeling. Biochem Pharmacol.2014 Jun 1;89(3):349-60. PMID: 24675012. Time Cited: 2; IF=4.650 |
| 14. | Vilela FP, Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Calco-Castro L, Fortes VS, Fonseca MJV, and Mukhtar H. Biotransformed soybean extract (BSE) inhibits melanoma cell growth and viability in vitro: Involvement of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling. PLoS One. 2014 Jul 29;9(7). PMID: 25072850. Time Cited:2; IF=3.534 |
| 13. | Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Mukhtar VM. Pomegranate extracts and cancer prevention: Molecular and cellular activities. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013 Oct;13(8):1149-61. PMID: 23094914. Time Cited: 29; IF=2.939 |
| 12. | Calvo-Castro L, Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Vilela FM, Pérez AM, Vaillant F, Rojas M, Mukhtar H. Protective effectof tropical highland blackberry juice (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.) against UVB-mediated damage in humanepidermal keratinocytes and in a reconstituted skin equivalent model.Photochem Photobiol. 2013 Sep- Oct:89(5):1199-207. PMID: 23711186. Time Cited: 6; IF=4.650 |
| 11. | Chamcheu JC, Afaq F, Syed DN, Khan N, Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Singh S Boylan TB, Wood GS and Mukhtar H. Delphinidin, a dietary antioxidant, induces human epidermal keratinocyte differentiation but not apoptosis: Studies in submerged and three-dimensional epidermal equivalent models. Exp Dermatol. 2013; May:22(5):342-8. PMID: 23614741. Time Cited: 12; IF=4.115 |
| 10. | Chamcheu JC, Wood GS, Imtiaz A Siddiqui, Deeba N. Syed, Adhami VM, Teng JM, and Mukhtar H. Progress toward genetic and pharmacological therapies for keratin genodermatoses: current perspective and future promise. Exp Dermatol. 2012 Jul;21(7):481-9. PMID: 22716242. Time Cited: 29; IF=4.115 |
| 9. | Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Chamcheu JC, Mukhtar H, Mousa SA. Impact of nanotechnology in cancer: emphasis on nanochemoprevention. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:591-605. PMID: 22346353. Time Cited: 52; IF=4.195 |
| 8. | Bharali DJ, Siddiqui IA, Adhami VM, Chamcheu JC, Aldahmash AM, Mukhtar H, Mousa SA. Nanoparticle delivery of natural products in the prevention and treatment of cancers: Current status and future prospects. Cancer (Basel). 2011 Oct 26;3(4):4024-45. PMID:24213123. Time Cited:18; IF=2.270 |
| 7. | Chamcheu JC, Navsaria H, Pihl-Lundin I, Liovic M, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Chemical chaperones protect epidermolysis bullosa simplex keratinocytes from heat stress-induced keratin aggregation: Involvement of heat shock proteins and MAP Kinases. J Invest Dermatol. 2011 Aug;131(8):1684-91. PMID: 21490615. Time Cited: 34; IF=6.372 |
| 6. | Chamcheu JC. Disease-causing Keratin Mutations and Cytoskeleton Dysfunction in Human Skin: In vitro models and new pharmacologic strategies for treating epidermolytic genodermatoses. Society for the Publication of Acta- Dermato-Venereologica (ISSN 1402-2915), Forum for Nord Derm Ven, 2010, 15(4): 120-121. Time Cited: 2; IF=NA |
| 5. | Chamcheu JC, Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, Adhami VM, Liovic M, Mukhtar H. Keratin gene mutations in disorders of human skin and its appendages. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2011 April 15;508(2):123-37. PMID: 21176769. Time Cited: 85; IF=3.043 |
| 4. | Chamcheu JC,Pihl-Lundin I, Eteti MC, Gester T, Virtanen M, Moustakas A, Navsaria H, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Immortalized keratinocytes derived from patients with epidermolytic ichthyosis reproduce the disease phenotype: a useful in vitro model for testing new treatments.Br J Dermatol. 2011 Feb;164(2):263-72.PMID: 20977447. Time Cited: 24; IF=4.10 |
| 3. | Chamcheu JC, Virtanen M, Navsaria H, Bowden PE, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex due to KRT5 mutations: Mutation-related differences in cellular fragility and the protective effects of trimethylamine N- oxide in cultured primary keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 2010 May;162(5):980-9. PMID: 20128788. Time Cited: 18; IF=4.10 |
| 2. | Pavez Loriè E,Chamcheu JC, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Both all-trans retinoic acid and cytochrome P450 (CYP26) inhibitors affect the expression of vitamin A metabolizing enzymes and retinoid biomarkers in organotypic epidermis.Arch Dermatol Res. 2009 Aug;301(7):475-85. PMID: 19294396. Time Cited: 22; IF=2.270 |
| 1. | Chamcheu JC, Pavez Loriè E, Akgul B, Bannbers E, Virtanen M, Gammon L, Moustakas A, NavsariaH, Vahlquist A and Törmä H. Characterization of immortalized human epidermolysis bullosa simplex (KRT5) cell lines: Trimethylamine N-oxide protects the keratin cytoskeleton against disruptive stress condition.J Dermatol Sci. 2009 Mar;53(3):198-206. PMID: 19157792. Time Cited: 23; IF=3.335 |
Book Chapters
| 2. | Chamcheu JC, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA and Mukhtar H. ‘Cutaneous Cell- and Gene-Based Therapies for Inherited and Acquired Skin Disorders’ in the book entitled Gene and Cell Therapy: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies, Fourth Edition, Nancy Smyth Templeton, ed.; CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, ISBN 9781466571990, January, 2015 |
| 1. | Siddiqui IA, Tarapore RS, Chamcheu JC and Mukhtar H. ‘Bioactive Food Components for Melanoma: An Overview’ in the book entitled Skin Cancer Overview, Yaguang Xi, ed.; InTech Publishers, ISBN 978 953-307- 746-8, December 2011 |
Published Abstracts and Conference Presentations
| 25. | Chamcheu JC, Adhami MV., Esnault S, and Mukhtar H. Fisetin promotes differentiation, inhibits proliferative and inflammatory responses in cultured human cells and alleviates psoriasiform dermatitis in mice. Society for Investigative Dermatology SID April 2017, Portland, OR, (Poster presentation).Journal of Investigative Dermatology 137 (5), S122 |
| 24. | Chamcheu JC, Siddiqui IA, Adhami MV., Dodwad MS, Bharali D, Wood G, Mousa S, and Mukhtar H. Topical application of chitosan-based nanoformulated green tea polyphenol EGCG ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesion in mice. Society for Investigative Dermatology SID May 2016, Scottsdale, AR, (Oral and Poster presentation).Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136 (5), S95 |
| 23. | Syed DN, Lall RK, Chamcheu J, Soon Y, Mukhtar H. YB-1 interacts with ΔNp63α in UVB exposed human skin. Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 2016, Scottsdale, AR, (Oral and Poster presentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136 (5), S101 |
| 22. | Chamcheu JC, Adhami MV, Chaves-Rodriguez, Longley BJ, and Mukhtar H, Dual inhibition of PI3K/Akt and mTOR by delphinidin ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like lesions in mice. Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 2016, Scottsdale, AR, (Oral and Poster presentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 136 (5), S96 |
| 21. | Syed DN, Lall RK, Chamcheu JC, Soon Y and Mukhtar H. (2016) miR-24 functionality in skin response to UV radiation. Society for Investigative Dermatology May 2016, Scottsdale, AR, UK, Anaheim, CA, USA. YB-1 interacts with DNp63a in UVB exposed human skin (Posterpresentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, S216-S216 |
| 20. | Chamcheu JC, Chaves-Rodriguez, MI, Siddiqui IA, Adhami MV, Dodwad MS, Syed DN, and Mukhtar H. Fisetin, a small molecule and natural inhibitor of mTOR for treating psoriasis. Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 2015, Atlanta, Georgia (Poster presentation). Published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 135, S96-S96 |
| 19. | Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Lall RK, Adhami VM, Khan MI, and Mukhtar H. miR-24 functionality in skin response to UV radiation. International Investigative Dermatology IID May 2013, Edinburg, UK, (Posterpresentation) |
| 18. | Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Lall RK, Adhami VM, Khan MI, and Mukhtar H. Involvement of Src kinase in fisetin mediated melanoma growth inhibition: studies in 3-D melanoma model. International Investigative Dermatology IID May 2013, Edinburg, UK, (Posterpresentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, S234-S234 |
| 17. | Vilela, FMP, SyedDN, Chamcheu JC, Calvo-CastroL, FortesVS., Fonseca, MJVMukhtar H. Biotransformed soybean extract (BSE) inhibits melanoma cell growth and viability through activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research (AACR), April 2013, Anaheim, CA, USA. (Posterpresentation). Later published as Cancer Research 73 (8 Supplement), 607-607 |
| 16. | Chamcheu JC,Siddiqui IA, Syed DN, Vaqar AM, Boylan BT, Mukhtar H. Pro-differentiation and anti-proliferative and anti-inflamatory effect of delphinidin in a three-dimensional human Psoriatic skin equivalent model. International Investigative Dermatology [IID], May 2013, Edinburg, UK.(Oral and Posterpresentation). Later published as as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, S49-S49 |
| 15. | Chamcheu JC, Siddiqui IA, Boylan BT, Adhami VM, Mukhtar H. Growth inhibitory, antiangiogenic, and proapoptotic effects of delphinidin in human melanoma cells. Pan American Society for Pigment Cell Research (PASPAR), September 13-15, Madison, WI. (Poster presentation). Later published as Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 26 (5), 766-767 |
| 14. | Calvo-Castro L, Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Vilela FMP, Pérez AM, Vaillant F , Rojas M and Mukhtar H.Protective Effect of Tropical Highland Blackberry Juice (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.) Against UVB-Mediated Damage in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes and Reconstituted Skin Equivalent Models. International Investigative Dermatology [IID] May 2013, Edinburg, UK. (Posterpresentation).Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 133, S216-S216 |
| 13. | Siddiqui IA, Bharali DJ, Nihal M, Chamcheu JC, Adhami VM, Shabana S, Mousa SA, Mukhtar H. Superior anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of (—)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles on human melanoma cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Pan American Society for Pigment Cell Research (PASPAR), September 13-15, Madison, WI. (Poster presentation). Later published as Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 26 (5), 779-780 |
| 12. | Syed DN, Vaqar MA, Chamcheu JCand Mukhtar H. Dual inhibition of AkT and mTOR by fisetin induces tumor regression in a 3-D melanoma model. Annual Meeting of SIDMay 2012, Rahleigh, NC, USA. (Poster presentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 132, S132-S132 |
| 11. | Chamcheu JC,Syed DN, Siddiqui IA, Vaqar MA and Mukhtar H. Delphinidin, a dietary anthocyanidin promotes epidermal differentiation through activation of Caspase-14 and filaggrin: Studies in submerged and 3D organotypic cultures. Annual Meeting of Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 2012, Raleigh, NC, USA. (Posterpresentation) Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 132, S52-S52 |
| 10. | Syed DN, Chamcheu JC, Lall RK, Selvick A, Zwirchitz K, Mukhtar H. The dietary flavonoid fisetin negatively regulates NEDD9 expression and inhibits melanoma progression: studies in monolayer and 3D Melanoma skin equivalent cultures. Cancer Research 73 (8 Supplement), 3831-3831 |
| 9. | Syed DN, Adhami VM, Chamcheu JC, Lall RK, Mukhtar H. Tumor regression in a 3-D melanoma model by the dietary flavonoid fisetin is associated with inhibition of Akt/mTOR signaling. Cancer Research 72 (8 Supplement), 1586-1586 |
| 8. | Syed DN, Vaqar MA, Chamcheu JCand Mukhtar H. Activation of AMPK/TSC2 Pathway Contributes to Decreased Tumor Growth both In Vitro and In Vivo by a Dietary Flavonoid Fisetin. Annual Meeting of Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 2011, Phoenix, AR, USA. (Posterpresentation) |
| 7. | Syed DN, Adhami VM, Chamcheu JC, Mukhtar H. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in human melanoma cells with induction of autophagy and decreased tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo by a dietary flavonoid fisetin.Annual Meeting of Society for Investigative Dermatology, May 2011, Phoenix, AR, USA. (Posterpresentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 131, S24-S24 |
| 6. | Li H, Chamcheu JC, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Effect of synthetic retinoids on keratin aggregate formation in immortalized cells from Epidermolytic Ichthyosis patients. Proceeding of Society for Investigative Dermatology, Oct 2010.(Posterpresentation). Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 130, S83-S83 |
| 5. | Chamcheu JC, Pihl-Lundin I, Mouyobo CE, Gester T, Virtanen M, Moustakas A, Navsaria H, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Immortalized keratinocytes from Epidermolytic Ichthyosis-patients reproduce the disease phenotype in vitro. Annual Meeting of the European Society for Dermatological Research, September 2010.(Posterpresentation) |
| 4. | Chamcheu JC, Virtanen M, Moustakas A, Navsaria H, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Immortalized keratinocytes from Epidermolytic Ichthyosis-patients reproduces the disease phenotype in vitro. Proceeding of Society for Investigative Dermatology, Aug. 2010. (Posterpresentation).Later published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 130, S83-S83 |
| 3. | Chamcheu JC,Li H, Virtanen M, Pihl-Lundin I, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. The keratinopathic skin disorder Epidermolytic Ichthyosis: In vitro models suggest chemical chaperones as a novel therapeutic strategy. FEBS/EMBO, SACR, Stockholm, Sweden June 2010. (Poster) |
| 2. | Chamcheu JC,Virtanen M, Pihl-Lundin I, Vahlquist A, Törmä H. Pathogenic keratin mutations in epidermolysis bullosa simplex and novel in vitro tests for pharmacological therapy of keratinopathies. FEBS/EMBO & SACR, Stockholm, Sweden June 2010. (Oral and Posterpresentation) |
| 1. | Chamcheu JC,Virtanen M, Navsaria H, Bowden P, Vahlquist A and Törmä H. Keratin 5 mutations Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex: Mutation-related differences in cellular fragility upon heat-stress and the protective effects of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) on heat-stressed EBS keratinocytes. Annual Meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology May 2009. (Posterpresentation). Published as Journal of Investigative Dermatology 129, S86-S86 |
Invited Research Presentations
| 13. | Wednesday at Night Seminar Series, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI June 14, 2017 "Natural Dietary Products for the Management of Skin Diseases: Opportunities and Challenge in Psoriasis" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-h1DGkQpapg |
| 12. | Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI May 8, 2017 "Natural Products with Promise for Treating Psoriasis" |
| 11. | Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe Monroe, LA May 5, 2017 “Novel Small Molecule Natural Products for Treating Heritable and Chronic Skin Disorders: Keratin Genodermatoses and Psoriasis.” |
| 10. | PLATO Fontier in Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI April 19, 2017 “Full-thickness 3D Reconstituted Human Skin Model of Psoriasis: A Tool to Understand and Treat Chronic Skin Diseases.” |
| 9. | Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering/WAMI Medical School, University of Idaho Moscow, ID April 6, 2017 “Small Molecule Natural Product Therapy for Genodermatoses and Chronic Skin Diseases: Keratin Genodermatoses and Psoriasis” |
| 8. | The Plant for Human Health Institute (PHHI), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University Kannapolis, NC Nov. 19, 2015 “Novel Small Molecule Natural Products with Promise for the Treatment of Genodermatoses and Psoriasis.” |
| 7. | Department of Animal Science & Nutrition and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC Nov. 18, 2015 “Novel Small Molecule Natural Products with Promise for the Treatment of Genodermatoses and Psoriasis.” |
| 6. | Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, College of Medicine Phoenix Phoenix,AZ Sept. 3, 2015 “Small Molecules Natural products for the management of Genetic and Inflammatory Skin Diseases: Applications to Keratin Genodermatoses and Psoriasis" |
| 5. | Dermatology Seminar Series/Skin Disease Research Center (SDRC), University of Wisconsin Madison WI Feb. 16, 2015 “PI3K/Akt and mTOR in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.” |
| 4. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, WI Oct. 17, 2014 “Delphinidin Reduces Psoriasiform Phenotype in Flaky Skin and Imiquimod (IMQ)-Induced Balb/c Mouse dermatitis Models.” |
| 3. | Department Des Science Fundamental, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi (UQAC) Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada Sept. 12, 2009 “Epidermolyse Bulleuse Simples et L’Ichthyoses: Charactérisation Génétique et Nouvelle Traitément Pharmacologiques.” |
| 2. | Institute of Life Science Seminar Series,Center for Cutaneous Research, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London London, UK May 15, 2010 “Keratinopathic Genodermatoses and New Pharmacological Interventions.” |
| 1. | Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Cardiff University Wales, UK June 23, 2010 “Molecular Genetics of Skin Diseases: Small Molecule Pharmacological Approach for Treating Genodermatoses" |