Photographs and colored illustrations used in the ETD must be of professional quality.
Care should be taken to align photographs between margins. Colored photographs and
illustrations are acceptable. If you want to ensure that a bound copy containing the
colored photographs and illustrations will be returned to you, please include your
instructions when you submit your ETD through ProQuest.
MARGINS
All copies of the ETD must have uniform margins as indicated below:
Left: All left-hand margins throughout the ETD must be at least one- and one-half
inches. This margin ensures sufficient room for binding the work.
Right: All right-hand margins must be at least one inch throughout.
Bottom: The bottom margin must be at least one inch throughout (except for page numbers).
Top: The top margin must be at least one inch throughout (except for page numbers).
The exceptions to the one-inch top margin are the Title Page, Abstract, Dedication,
first page of the Acknowledgements or Preface (if applicable), first page of the Table
of Contents, the first page of each chapter (including the Introduction), and all
pages which begin over two inches from the top of the page.
PRINTING, SPACING, & INDENTION
The text of the ETD must appear in a single column on each page. It must be double-spaced
except for blocked quotations, notes, captions, legends, and long headings, which
are to be single-spaced with a space between items. All headings should conform to
specifications given by the style manual selected for typing your document. Spacing
your text two lines apart is especially important if you use superscript and subscript
characters. The spacing of your ETD must be uniform throughout.
Paragraphs should be indented five spaces, or the equivalent to the tab key, consistently
throughout the ETD. Blocked quotations should be indented five spaces from the left
and right margins and should be single-spaced. Indent the first line of a blocked
paragraph another five spaces.
PAGINATION
Each page that is a part of the ETD must be counted. The number may not always appear
on the sheet itself. Small Roman numerals (i, ii, iii, iv, etc.) are used to number
the table of contents, list of figures, etc. These should appear at the acknowledgements
or preface page, although the counting or numbering of the ETD begins with the title
page. No page number should appear on the title page, copyright, dedication, or vita
although all should be included in the counting of pages.
Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.) are used to number the remainder of ETD. The count
of Arabic numeral 1 begins with the introduction if your ETD includes this section
or chapter one if it does not. All text, illustrations, appendices, notes, reference
lists, or bibliography materials should be counted.
Pages of visual materials used in the ETD must be assigned a number but the number
need not appear. Page numbers should not appear on the first page of the body of your
text or on the first page of each new chapter. These pages should be counted when
you paginate the ETD, but the page numbers should be omitted. Page numbers that use
letters, hyphens, periods, or parentheses such as 1a, 1-2, -1-, 1., and (1) should
not be used. Position all page numbers in the same place on each page throughout the
entire ETD, including introductory pages, text, appendices, and bibliography. You
may position page numbers in one of three ways:
1. In the upper right-hand corner of the page, one-half inch (three lines) from the
top of the page and one inch from the right edge; or
2. Centered at the bottom of the page, one-half inch (three lines) from the bottom
edge of the page; or
3. As close to the positions described above as your word processor allows (if your
software automatically positions page numbers and you cannot adjust them).
If your ETD contains landscape-oriented pages (pages in which the top of the page
is the long side of a sheet of paper), make sure that your page numbers appear in
the same place as they do on other sheets (on the short side). Ignore the landscape
orientation of your text when positioning page numbers.
Widowed and orphaned lines are unacceptable in your ETD. A widowed line is a single
line of text at the bottom of a page with the rest of a paragraph continuing on the
next page. An orphaned line is a single line of text at the top of a page with the
rest of the paragraph left behind on the previous page. This situation can be corrected
in most word processing programs by activating the widow/orphan setting that controls
page breaks before you print out the final copy of your ETD.
FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, AND IN-TEXT REFERENCES
Depending on the style manual or journal standard you adopt for your ETD, you may
use footnotes (at bottom of the text page), endnotes (at end of each chapter or at
the end of text), or in-text parenthetical references (corresponding to a reference
list at the back of your ETD).
If your style manual or journal standard requires footnotes for citing published or
unpublished materials, place the footnote at the bottom of the page. Footnotes should
be separated from the text by a solid line one or two inches long, beginning at the
left- hand margin on the first line below the text. If the footnote is more than one
line long, it should be single-spaced, with the first line indented the same number
of spaces as the paragraph indention used in the text (five spaces). A double-space
should separate each footnote when more than one footnote appears on a page. Footnote
format must be consistent throughout the ETD. Dividing a footnote may be necessary
if it is long and cannot be accommodated in the space remaining at the bottom of one
page. To maintain the required margins, break the note within a sentence and carry
the remainder into the footnote area of the next page, where it will precede the footnotes
for that page (if there are any). Do not indicate the continuation of a footnote by
a statement such as “continued on the next page.”
Some disciplines have accepted the practice of placing footnotes at the end of each
chapter, referred to as endnotes. Using endnotes is acceptable to the Graduate School;
however, true footnotes placed at the bottom of the page are preferred because they
allow a reader to follow the text continuously without having to move back and forth
from the text to notes in a bound work.
You must number all footnotes or endnotes consecutively using Arabic numerals. You
may number notes continuously, repeating no numbers, through the entire ETD. Alternatively,
you may repeat note numbers with each new chapter, numbering the first note in each
new chapter with the number 1. Note numbers should precede the note, be placed slightly
above the line (superscripted), and leave no extra space between the number and the
note.
In-text referencing is accomplished by placing the referenced author’s name (or names),
followed by a comma and the year of publication, in parentheses directly following
the location where the reference is being discussed, used, or compared. The full reference
is to be placed in the reference section in alphabetical order by author’s name. This
referencing technique, used extensively in psychology and education, is simple to
use and allows the reader ready access to the full citation at the end of the document.
End-of-chapter references should not be used when following the in-text reference
procedure.
REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
All ETDs will contain references and you must list all of them in the references section
of the ETD. You must follow the chosen style manual or journal standard for this purpose. Suggested
headings for this section include: List of References, Literature Cited, Works Cited,
or References Cited. Entries must be listed alphabetically by author, editor, agency,
or institution. Hanging indention is required, and a single space should be used within
entries followed by a double space between. References must be listed in the same
font type and size as the body text.
A listing of all materials consulted to prepare your ETD is a bibliography. A bibliography is optional but can be included in any ETD. If used, the references must be arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last
name. Depending on the style manual chosen for your ETD, bibliographic entries may
differ from discipline to discipline. You must consult your chosen style manual for
proper form.
Using abbreviations in the bibliography and footnotes is acceptable if the form is
consistent throughout. Your use of abbreviations must conform with your chosen style
manual. When listing works in a bibliography, you must provide complete titles for
articles, books, and other sources. Suggested headings for this section include: Bibliography,
Selected Bibliography, References, or Sources Consulted. Your major professor can
advise you regarding terminology.
APPENDICES AND OVERSIZED MATERIALS
Appendices comprise supplementary, informational, or illustrative material too lengthy
to include in the text. Appendices must be labeled on the top margin, either at left-hand
side or centered, and should be listed sequentially using capital letters, Roman,
or Arabic numerals. Consult your chosen style manual for appendices.
Appendices always appear near the end of the ETD and are placed before the bibliography
and reference sections. When there is more than one appendix, you must assign each
appendix a number or a letter heading (for example: Appendix A, Appendix 1, or Appendix
I) and a descriptive title. The heading and title for each appendix should be centered
on the page and typed in all caps. All headings and titles must appear in the table
of contents. Subsequent pages of multi-paged appendices are titled: Appendix A (continued).
Number all tables and figures consecutively from the text, or separately as A-1, A-2,
etc. The appendices must conform to the same margin regulations as the rest of the
ETD. All appendix pages should be numbered with Arabic numerals using the same guidelines
described in the pagination section.
Computer printouts used in the appendices must meet margin requirements. Computer
printouts used in an appendix do not have to be in the same typeface as the body of
the ETD, although they must be clean, clear, and legible. The print quality of the
printout must meet the standards of the Graduate School to be included in the ETD.
Oversized tables, figures, or other illustrative material should be electronically
reduced or scaled to fit on one page or continued to the next page with the notation:
Table 1 (continued). Oversized maps, musical scores, graphs, etc. should be folded
right to left only. The fold must meet the standard page size and margin guidelines.
Do not fold the page(s) beyond the one- and one-half inch left-hand margin required
for binding your ETD. Ideally, the piece should be at least one-half inch smaller
than text pages to avoid being cut in the binding process.
Graduate School
